This course introduces the ethical teachings of Nālaḍiyār, with particular focus on analyzing the words of the second verse, the cart-wheel simile, and the overall meaning. It also compares the choices of language and differences in visual philosophy among the translations by Leeper, Pope, and modern translators. Presented in an interactive format, the course provides opportunities to deepen reading skills through lectures, questions and answers, and self-reflection.

• Understand the history of Nālaḍiyār, its three-part structure, and the central ideas of the section on ascetic ethics.
• Analyze and clearly explain the key words of the second verse (thugal theer, thottu, pagadu) and its overall meaning.
• Explain the inner meaning and emotional state expressed in the verse by using and discussing the cart-wheel simile.